Six steps to reduce days sales outstanding (DSO) and improve cash flow

What Does DSO Mean and Why is it Important?

Days Sales Outstanding, abbreviated as DSO, is a key measure to track for a business's healthy cash flow. DSO represents the number of days it takes for a company to convert its accounts receivables into cash. Since cash flow is the lifeblood of any business,, the sooner the company gets that cash, the stronger its cash flow and financial position is likely to be.

Years of low interest rates and easy credit have allowed companies to take their eye off the ball when it comes to DSO management. If the company can easily borrow money at low interest rates, there is less need to worry about DSO increasing by a few (or more) extra days.

How to Calculate DSO

If you’re wondering how to calculate DSO, the DSO formula works as follows, for a given period:

DSO = (accounts receivables / total sales) * number of days

For example, let's say that last month, Example Enterprise sold $50,000 worth of goods, with $35,000 in accounts receivable on its balance sheet at the end of the month. Its DSO is: (35,000 / 50,000) * 31 = 22.3 days. 

This means that on average it took Example Enterprise 22 days to collect payment after a sale had been made.

DSO vs DPO

The DPO (Days Payable Outstanding) is your mirror indicator: it allows you to see how many days you take on average to pay your invoices.

DPO = (accounts payables / cost of goods sold) * number of days

For example, imagine that in fiscal year 2020, Example Enterprise spent $280,000 worth of COGS, with $30,000 in accounts payables on its balance sheet at the end of the year. Its DSO is: (30,000 / 280,000) * 365 = 39.1 days. This means that on average in 2020 it took Example Enterprise 39 days to pay its bills and invoices to its creditors (suppliers, vendors, etc.).

Average Days Sales Outstanding Benchmarks by Country & Industry

While North American businesses fare better than most European and Asian countries, a 2019 study of Days Sales Outstanding conducted by Allianz Trade found that it still takes an average of 51 days for US businesses to be paid, while Canadian businesses have an average DSO of 52 days. Additionally, it took over 65 days for 25% of North American businesses reviewed to receive payment.

The study also showed the great variance in DSO from industry to industry. The electronics, machinery and construction sectors continued to suffer from the longest DSO with 89 days, 86 days and 82 days, respectively, on a yearly average, well above the global average of 65 days.

Not surprisingly, the 2016 Hackett Group Working Capital Survey found that 1,000 public companies included in the sample had a collective $316 billion tied up in DSO.

How to Reduce Days Sales Outstanding in Accounts Receivable

Reducing DSO is not completely within the control of your company's finance and accounting departments. Other parts of the company also have an impact on this metric. Therefore, reducing DSO requires not only a focused effort on the part of finance executives but the cooperation of various departments in the company as well. Below we outline six simple steps to begin reducing your company’s days sales outstanding in accounts receivable. 

1. Gather data about current DSO status

Any effort to reduce DSO must begin withgathering data on a company’s current DSO status and creating a benchmarking analysis that shows how that level of DSO compares to peers and competitors. This insight not only provides a starting point for the effort but also provides a sense of what DSO ratio is attainable for the business. To compare your business's status to others, the Hackett survey offers some basic data by industry. For greater detailed data, consider other industry surveys or private benchmarking studies.

Accounting and finance executives can also use this data to make the case for reducing DSO to senior management and the various departments whose cooperation is necessary. By making DSO reductions a strategic priority, executives can more readily justify the resources they devote to the project and incorporate DSO improvement metrics into the individual performance objectives and incentives of those driving the effort. 

Overall, companies should focus on DSO reductions that are both attainable and sustainable based on the realities of the business. For example, companies may be able to reduce DSO by, say, 20 days by significantly tightening customer credit approvals but that will not be worth much if customer acquisition and retention suffers as a result.

2. Focus on customer credit

DSO is often driven by your customers' ability to pay their invoices on time. Therefore, any effort to improve DSO must address customer credit risk. A good first step is do determine appropriate parameters for acceptable customer credit risks. A company can then use that criteria to ensure that all new customers do not represent an unacceptable risk of slow payment or non-payment. Companies can also extend this criteria to existing customers, starting with those that have been slow to pay. 

The sales function of a business must be on board with this renewed focus on customer credit risk. Salespeople do not want to lose a sale because a customer has credit problems. Therefore, companies may need to implement specific incentives and penalties to make sure salespeople and sales managers adhere to the company’s customer credit requirements. In some cases, companies can strategically deploy tools like credit insurance to help mitigate these risks without losing an otherwise attractive customer.

3. Define customer payment terms

DSO metrics are heavily influenced by the payment terms a company extends to its customers. Those payment terms must carefully balance the company’s own DSO goals against common industry practice, as well as customer needs and expectations. This means identifying under what circumstances the company will offer customer incentives for faster payment or require deposits or upfront payments, supported by a clear approval process when making these decisions.

Invoices must clearly and visibly state payment terms to reduce the chances of confusion over when payment is expected. The company should also be regularly communicating with customers about outstanding invoices and how the company can make it easier for customers to pay them. For example, some customers may be moving to electronic payments or prefer their employees use payment cards for certain purchasing.

4. Look at invoicing processes

Slow or inefficient accounting processes can also extend DSO. Therefore, improving DSO often requires a focus on making sure that invoices are going out on time, contain all necessary information and are free of errors. A thorough review of the billing process, including spot checking invoices, can uncover errors, that could delay payment. Incorrect charges, invoices that do not reflect agreed-upon discounts, or the wrong mailing address are just a few examples of common errors that can delay payments. 

Companies should also regularly review and update policies on when to send invoices and make sure that those policies are being followed. Consider sending invoices when the contract is signed, at delivery, or using some other milestone. Companies should also be auditing invoice processes to identify delays or errors.

5. Manage accounts receivable carefully

Once invoices have been sent, a company must have a plan for following up on outstanding balances and reminding customers of unpaid invoices. This communication should focus on identifying any problems that are preventing the customer from paying the invoice. In some cases, an otherwise strong customer may be having cash flow problems and may be appropriate to offer a special arrangement or payment plan.

If non-payment continues, the company should have a clear policy and process for handling these situations and any disputes that arise, including guidelines on when and how to escalate the situation as needed. For example, this guidance might include when to turn over unpaid invoices to a collection agency.

6. Keep up the momentum

Companies must commit to reducing DSO and sustaining this effort over the long term. Reducing DSO often requires changes to habits as much as administrative processes and procedures. Therefore, companies will need to make sure those changes stick and people do not return to the old ways of doing things. By conducting regular reviews and discussions about DSO metrics, companies can keep the focus on these efforts and reinforce their importance to the company.

Reducing DSO often requires changes to habits as much as administrative processes and procedures. Therefore, companies will need to make sure those changes stick and people do not return to the old ways of doing things. 


Reducing DSO is a relatively straightforward way to strengthen your company’s cash flow. It just takes a focused and sustained effort. When executives realize the impact lower DSO can have, those leaders are likely to lend needed support and provide a strategic focus for the initiative. Get started lowering your company's DSO today.
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